请看《中国日报》的相关报道:The pencils, for the first time in the history of the CPPCC as well as the National People's Congress (NPC), were made of scrap-newspaper pulp rather than wood. They are but one of the environmentally-friendly moves by the NPC and the CPPCC to set an example in building a "saving society," where energy conservation, waste reduction and respect for nature are integral to the concept.
报道中的scrap-newspaper pulp就是"以回收的旧报纸为原料而制成的纸浆",scrap在这里是形容词,意思是articles that are discarded or waste for the purpose of reprocessing(废弃的,供可回收再利用的),由此,我们可得出日常所说的"废旧电池"就是scrap-battery,而"废物,垃圾堆"则可用scrap heap来表达。
Scrap表达"废弃"的意思时,也可用作动词,如:I decided to scrap my plans(我决定放弃我的计划)。除此之外,scrap在俚语中可表示"争吵,殴打",如:Let's not have a scrap about it(咱们别再为这件事抬杠了);Those two will scrap at the least provocation(这两个人稍有口角就会扭打起来)。 作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 14:29
请看《中国日报》的有关报道:China on Wednesday let the Yuan rise to its highest level since July's revaluation and restated its commitment to freer capital flows as US officials began new talks aimed at reducing America's big trade deficit with China.
报道中的revaluation常常在经济新闻中出现,是名词词组currency revaluation的简称,指"货币升值"。Revaluation来源于动词revaluate,意思是to increase the exchange value of a nation's currency(重新调整币值增加国家货币兑换值),如The dollar is being revalued(美元正在升值)。还有一个词组表达"货币升值",即currency appreciation。
另外,revaluate的另一层意思是"重新评价",可以指对人或历史事件的重新评估,也可以指对财产的估算,如:We're having all the contents of our house revalued for insurance purposes(为了投保,我们把屋内的所有东西重新估算了一遍)。
请看《中国日报》的相关报道:The World Cup countdown kicks off on Wednesday night as the competition's favourites begin their warm-up matches a little over three months before the start of Germany's football extravaganza. Brazil, Argentina, France, England, Germany and Italy are all in action on a night of international friendlies.
报道中的warm-up match就是体育界常提及的"热身赛",可简写为warm-up,由动词词组warm up衍变而来。Warm up原指运动员上场前"先热热身,做一下准备活动",如:The crowd waited patiently while the teams warmed up(双方队员在做准备活动时,人群在耐心等待)。由此,我们还可得到另外一个句子,The singers are warming up before the concert(歌手们在音乐会开始前一直在排练)。
知道福尔摩斯吧?一脸的精明和悍练,习惯性地叼着他的烟斗,带领我们进入一个又一个匪夷所思的悬案之旅……那您是否熟悉福尔摩斯的另一招牌表情?比如,在他听完扑朔迷离的案件之后会做什么?瞧,华生医生是这样形容的:“At that time, Holmes had kept his distance, thinking in a brown study but never leaping to his feet.”
“Thinking in a brown study”?难道福尔摩斯必须呆在“四壁涂抹成褐色的书房”里才能完成缜密推理吗?哦,您千万别这么太富有想象力,“in a brown study”是个固定搭配,指“in a state of deep thought”(沉思)。
这个短语分别源于brown和study的两个旧用法。因为brown在色调上属于暗色,16世纪时人们常用它来形容“忧郁、沮丧”的心境;study在14世纪的古英语中表示“a state of reverie or contemplation”(幻想或沉思)。由此,brown study现在可以表示两层含义“a state of daydreaming or deep thought”(做白日梦;沉思)。
词源学记载,bushed(疲惫不堪的)源于19世纪的澳大利亚英语表达“to be lost in the bush”(在丛林中迷路),Bush在这里指“灌木丛”。在澳洲,有大片偏僻的、不着边际的丛林地带,想象一下,假若您不小心步入其中迷了方向,您会怎么着?除非有很好的心理素质,否则为了寻出一条出路,要不了多久您就会被折磨得筋疲力尽、慌乱异常。
举个例子,You look bushed. (你看起来很疲倦。)
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 14:32
tuckered out: 筋疲力尽
累了吗?一起唱首欢快的澳大利亚民歌Waltzing Matilda(《华尔兹・玛狄尔达》):“Up jumped the swagman and grabbed him with glee, And he sang as he stowed that jumbuck in his tucker bag, You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda with me”……这支曲子是第27届悉尼奥运会上的闭幕歌曲,由于歌词采用了大量澳洲俚语,理解起来稍有难度。我们今天谈的“tuckered out”(筋疲力尽的)先从这支曲子讲起。
Tucker在这里指“装食物的袋子”,是澳洲的剪羊毛工随季节找工作时必备的家什,这层含义取自18世纪tuck的俚语用法“大吃一餐”,如:After that long walk we did not need any encouragement to tuck in.(经过长途跋涉,我们无须别人说声“请”便大吃起来)。现在,tucker也可代指“食物”,请看一句澳大利亚口语:The cooker's got your tucker waiting.(厨师已准备饭菜只等你吃了)。
到19世纪中期,tucker开始用来形容“狗或马饥肠辘辘时干瘪的肚子”,由此引申为人或动物“憔悴”或“瘦骨嶙峋”的模样,而tuckered out(极度疲惫)就源于此,举个例子:I am tuckered out from walking.(我走得筋疲力尽。)
请看《中国日报》的相关报道:The proposed amendment to the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Women has recently been the subject of intensive media attention. The amendment states unequivocally that it is illegal to subject women to sexual harassment, and also urges enterprises and government institutions to take steps to prevent the occurrence of sexual harassment.
报道中的sexual harassment就是时下引起公众关注的"性骚扰"。Harassment可以指抽象意义上的"骚扰;扰乱",也可以用来形容具体"惹人厌烦的事件",如:He is chafed by the harassments of travel,句中的harassments就是强调旅途中所碰到的一件件烦心事。Harassment的动词形式是harass,指to make worried and unhappy by repeated raids(不断的侵扰,引起对方不快),举个例子:I feel rather harassed by all the pressures at the office(办公事务的压力使我深感烦恼)。
值得注意的是,在韦氏字典中,sexual harassment的英文解释是uninvited and unwelcome verbal or physical conduct directed at a person because of his or her sex,看来"性骚扰"并不一定是男性对女性。或许这就是为什么有人士认为,反性骚扰法规既得规定"男性不得对女性进行性骚扰",也得规定"女性不得对男性进行性骚扰"的原因吧。
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 14:37
put on the dog: 耍派头,卖弄
英语中与“狗”相关的表达似乎有点泛滥成灾,信手拈来的如:a lucky dog(幸运儿);top dog(当权派);dog in the manger(占着茅坑不拉屎)。今天谈的to put on the dog表示“耍派头;卖弄”,它的渊源可追溯到19世纪贵夫人豢养的哈吧狗。
美国内战后,即19世纪中叶到20世纪初,一大批暴发户相继涌现,他们为了耍阔往往花很多钱去买一些品种罕见的哈巴狗。当时耶鲁大学的学生就创造了to put on the dog来嘲笑那些整日炫耀爱犬的阔太太。举个例子:
John is sure putting on the dog since his rich aunt died and left him 10 million dollars. He's bought the biggest house in town and a Mercedes 600, and talks about buying some riding horses.(约翰的阿姨去世后给他留了一千万美元遗产,这下他可有资本耍阔了。他买了城里最大的一栋房子和一辆梅赛德斯600,他还说要买几匹马供他骑玩呢。)
另外,如果您看到to go to the dogs,可千万别受“to put on the dog”(耍阔)的影响。Go to the dogs意思是:“潦倒;破产”。比如说,
I always thought my friend Pete had a good future. But then he got hooked on heroin and lost his job and his wife--I never saw a man go to the dogs so fast!(我总以为我的朋友皮特是很有前途的,但是后来他吸上了毒品,失去了工作,妻子也走了。我从来没有看到过任何人落魄得这么快!)
原来handicap(handicapped的名词形式)有着一段传奇的身世。在14世纪的英国,一种以物易物的游戏非常流行。在这种两人游戏中,一个人可以要求另一个人与他交换一件大概等值的东西,为了公平起见,游戏中会有一位裁判。游戏开始,他们三个人把手放在一顶帽子里,每个人手里都捏着赌注。“Hand in the Cap”由此得名,简称为“Hand I' Cap”。裁判会衡量玩家手中的赌注价值,并要求低的一方增加赌注。
请看外电报道:An Army dog handler was sentenced Wednesday to six months behind bars for using his snarling canine to torment prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Smith was sentenced on five charges, including maltreatment of prisoners, conspiring with another dog handler in a contest to try to frighten detainees at the Iraqi prison.
报道中的behind bars意思是“be put into prison”(被关进牢房),这里还可以用另外一个短语,in prison (被关进监狱)。Bar原指“关押囚犯的铁门杆”,这里引申为“牢房”,如The windows of the prison have iron bars.(监狱的窗户装有铁栅栏。)
另外,由于bar可以指法庭上把律师或被告席位隔开来的围栏,所以the prisoner at the bar意思是“在法庭中的受审者”;而the Bar则统指“律师”,如She's training for the Bar.(她正在接受律师资格培训。)
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:08
Five by five
在日常英语中,如果你遇见朋友时问候一声How are you doing?对方可能会乐呵呵地回答一句:Everything is five by five。five by five是什么意思呢?
five by five可不是中国人讲的“五五分”,而是一个英语俗语,它表示“状态良好(in good shape)”或“准备就绪(all set)”。
这种说法源于无线电通信的操作术语,上世纪五十年代,这个短语在无线电话务员之间流行。当话务员请求对方站对我方信号质量做出报告时,five by five可能是一个最令人满意的回答。因为这种报告里的第一个数字表示信号强度,第二个数字表示信号清晰度和抗干扰能力,都是用从1到5的数字大小来衡量的,所以five by five表示“我方设备运行良好,信号很强而且很清晰”。
先来看fussbucket,词根fuss应该不会陌生吧?指a commotion out of proportion to the occasion; a state of consternation or anxiety(过分混乱的局面;惊恐万状、惊慌失措、大惊小怪),而词缀bucket(桶)则是形容这种状态“满满的、能载满一大桶”,不言而喻,能够集“惊慌失措”于一身肯定是指某个人向来“一惊一乍、慌里慌张”了。
请看外电相关报道:Tom Cruise's Beverly Hills home is haunted. Previous residents of the rented house on Alpine Lane that he is sharing with fiancee, and new mom, Katie Holmes, say they have experienced spooky sensations there. "The house was 'creepy', 'haunted', and 'full of ghosts'" .
如报道所示:我们汉语中所言的“屋子闹鬼”,用英语可表示为“The house is haunted”。Haunted源于动词haunt(鬼神出没),既然是“鬼神”,一定是以超自然的形态出没宅地了,由此“闹鬼”通常以被动形式出现,被隐去的“鬼怪”嘛,留给听者想象喽。
Haunt除表示“鬼神出没”外,也可用来指“经常去某地”或“经常去的地方”,如:As a girl, she used to haunt the local cinema.(还是小女孩时,她常去当地的电影院。)This pub used to be one of my uncle's favourite haunts.(这家小酒店是我叔叔过去常去的地方之一。)
另外,人们也常用huant来形容心头挥之不去的东西,汉语中的“萦绕”很恰切地表达了该词的内蕴,如:I was haunted by his last words to me.(他最后的话语总在我心头萦绕。)
Kibitzer源与动词kibitz,其词根可追溯到德语词kiebitz(一种唧唧喳喳、乱叫不停的鸟,又名田凫)。在德语中,kiebitz的另一相应名词形式kiebitzen指“观牌者”;但在英语中,由此词根演变而来的kibitzer则表示“乱出主意、瞎提建议的人”。其相应动词kibitz则形容“乱发议论、瞎指挥”,如:kibitz a card game(看玩纸牌时瞎指挥)。
Harry moved about, kibitzing on conversations here and there.(哈里走来走去,这里插几句,那里讲一阵。)
一个是“ Lock, stock and barrel”, 另外一个是:“ Hook, line and sinker” 。 Lock, stock and barrel 和 Hook, line and sinker 都是全部的意思,可是用法却不同。
我们先来举一个 Lock, stock and barrel 的例子:
例句-2: “Mr. Rockefeller bought the whole oil company lock, stock and barrel.” 这句话的意思是:“洛克菲勒先生把整个石油公司买了下来”。换句话说,也就是他买了这个石油公司的大楼丶油井和其他属于这个公司的资产。
Hook, line and sinder 虽然也和 lock, stock and barrel 一样是全部的意思,可是它还带有受骗的意思。例如:
例句-3: “I warned Sally not to believe that man’s stories about how rich he was, but she swallowed them hook, line and sinker. After she married him, she found out he owed money to everbody in his office.” 他说:“我告诉沙利不要相信那个男人说的他多么有钱之类的话。可是沙利却一点都没有怀疑他。等到结婚才发现这个人几乎向每个同事都借了钱。”
刚才我们讲解了在学英语过程中经常会碰到的一些问题。有些习惯用语从字面上看不出它们的确切意思,例如: give me a hand 和 foot the bill 。另外还有些习惯用语在不同场合却表达不同的意思,如 blow out 。还有一些俗语,它们在字典上的解释是相同的,但是却有不同的用法,就像 lock, stock and barrel 和 hook, line and sinker 。
例句-1: "Say, did you hear Johnny Carson last night? It's hard to be funny five nights a week, but last night was one of his best shows in a long time. He got some great belly laughs trading jokes with his guest star, Bob Hope."
例句-2: "Fifty years ago, there were three clowns who made a lot of short movies. They are all dead now, but their comedies live on television because they are so full of belly laughs."
例句-3: "My son likes to tell jokes, although he has no intention to become a comedian. Last week, at a party he told a couple of knee-slappers about Bush and Gorbachev. I was quite surprised at his talent."
例句-4: " I was disappointed with that new comedian on TV last night. He talked for ten minutes and told only one knee-slapper during all that time. He'd better find funnier jokes or he'll be looking for a new job."
在盛夏季节,人们经常想要吃一点冰镇的东西,如冰西瓜,冰淇淋,或者喝冰汽水等。其实,美国人不管春夏秋冬,每天都离不了冰。今天我们给大家介绍两个和冰有关的习惯用语。第一个就是to break the ice. To break就是打破的意思,ice 当然就是冰的意思。To break the ice 作为俗语是指:缓和紧张气氛,使在场的人放松一些。例如,一个公司举行会议,参加会议的人都互不相识。那末,会议主席怎么来缓和一下气氛呢?
例句-1: "He started the meeting with a couple of jokes to get people to relax. Then he went around the table and asked everybody to stand up and tell a little about themselves and that broke the ice in a hurry."
例句-2: "It's hard to break the ice at a party for adults where everybody is a stranger. But you put a bunch of young kids together and the noise tells you they break the ice in five minutes."
例句-3: "My boss is the smartest man I know. But he's a real iceberg: he acts like he has no feelings for other people. In fact you can almost feel the chill when he walks into the office."
例句-4: "We thought our neighbor next door was a real iceberg, cold and aloof to us all. But at his daughter's wedding he wore a big smile and was so friendly I couldn't believe he was the same man."
例句-1: "Peter told his wife that this time he was really going to walk in and demand a pay raise from the boss. But when he arrived at the office, he got cold feet."
例句-2: "I really need to get my teeth fixed, but every time I start to phone the dentist, I think about the sound of that drill and right away I get cold feet."
事到临头打退堂鼓,出现 cold feet 的现象也许是一个弱点,但是在美国成语里,把脚弄湿倒是一件好事。比如说,好些听众都在学英语。这是一种外语,许多初学的人都怕难为情不敢用英语来对话。可是,老师很可能就会劝这些学生: "Jump in and get your feet wet. " Jump in and get your feet wet 这个俗语的意思是:到实践中去学,也可以说是跳到游泳池里学游泳。我们来举一个老师对学生说的话:
例句-3: "I know most of you are to embarrass yourselves by trying to speak English after these first few lessons. But that's the best way to learn: when you meet an American, try a few words -- jump in and get your feet wet."
到实践中去学对于任何事来说都是很重要的。下面说话的人就认识到例句 jump in and get your feet wet 的重要性:
例句-4:"I want to get into politics so I'm volunteering to put up signs for one of the people running for mayor. I don't get paid for it but it's a chance to jump in and get my feet wet."
今天我们给大家介绍了两个习惯用语,都是和 feet 这个字有关的。第一个是 cold feet。Cold feet 是事到临头打退堂鼓,对原先有信心的事感到胆怯了。我们今天讲的第二个习惯用语是 jump in and get your feet wet,这是指到实践中去学习取得经验。
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:15
Just for laughs ; To laugh up one's sleeve
笑是人类表达喜怒哀乐各种不同感情的一个不可缺少的形式。笑这个字,也就是英文里的laugh经常出现在美国的成语或俗语里。人们经常会做一些事,纯属为了高兴。这在英文里就是:Just for laughs。Just for laughs这个俗语在不同情况下,它的意思也就不同。首先,它可以解释为:做某件事纯属为了高兴,就像我们上面讲的那样。我们来举个例子吧。
例句-1: "Come on and get your jacket -- let's go out and have a couple of beers just for laughs."
这个人说:“来吧,穿上你的外套,我们到外面去喝两杯啤酒高兴高兴。”
可是,Just for laughs有时也可以指做愚蠢的事,或有害的事。下面的情形就是一个例子:
例句-2: "Just for laughs they tossed Mary in the swimming pool with all her clothes on. Then they found out she didn't know how to swim."
下面要讲的一个和laugh这个字有关的习惯用语不一定会使当事人高兴。To laugh up one's sleeve。Sleeve就是衣服袖子。To laugh up one's sleeve从字面上来看是在袖子里笑,实际上也就是偷偷地笑。To laugh up one's sleeve的真正意思就是偷偷地笑话某人,因为这个人有些可笑的地方,而他本人还没有发现。例如:
例句-4: "We were all laughing up our sleeves at the teacher when he was up at the blackboard explaining the math problem. He had a rip in the back of his pants and didn't know it."
例句-5: "We were all laughing up our sleeves at our brother when he sat down at the dinner table. He'd seen his girl off at the airport and had lipstick on his face and didn't know it."
今天我们讲了两个和笑,也就是laugh这个字有关的习惯用语。 第一个是:Just for laughs,这是纯属为了取乐的意思。 第二个是:To laugh up one's sleeve,这是指暗暗发笑的意思。
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:16
A horse laugh ; The last laugh
笑是最好的药品。不管这句话对不对,美国大众读物「读者文摘」的一个笑话拦就是用这句话来做标题的。但是,笑并不一定总是显示高兴或快乐。笑这个字,也就是英文里的laugh,在一般情况下都含有褒意,可有的时候却包含一种贬意,类似耻笑、讥笑、冷笑等,这些当然不会是好的药品。今天我们要讲两个由laugh这个字组成的习惯用语,一个是 a horse laugh,另一个是 the last laugh。从这两个词汇中,我们就可以看到laugh这个字在英文里和中文一样具有正反两面的含义。现在,我们先来讲 a horse laugh。Horse就是一头马。A horse laugh在英文里并不是指马在笑。作为一个俗语,a horse laugh是一种表示不信任的嘲笑。下面这个例子是说一些人对某个竞选议员的候选人表示不信任:
例句-1: "When this guy running for Congres told us how much money he'd save us taxpayers, we all gave him the horse laugh. We knew when he was in the state legislature he always voted for higher taxes."
例句-2: "Harry thinks he's God's gift to women: that none of them can resist his charm. So we all gave him the horse laugh when he asked the new girl in class to go to a movie and she told him to get lost."
下面我们要讲的一个和 laugh 这个字有关的俗语是 the last laugh。The last laugh的意思就是,在某人开始做一件事情的时候,许多人都说他不会成功。但是最后他还是成功了。这时候,他的心里很高兴,也许还很得意,这就是the last laugh。发明飞行的赖特兄弟两人就是一个例子。当他们在1903年十二月宣布他们将实现人类飞行的梦想的时候,有的报纸写文章讥笑他们。可正是那一天,他们开创了人类进入飞行的新时代。The last laugh可以说是最令人满意的笑了。我们来举个例子吧:
例句-3: "I used to laugh at my roommate in college -- he'd stay in and study on weekends while I went out for a good time. But I guess he has the last laugh on me. He's a famous brain surgeon and me, I'm selling used cars and barely make enough to live on."
以上我们向大家介绍了两个和laugh这个字有关的词汇。它们是a horse laugh和the last laugh。
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:16
red letter day ;Red tape
红颜色这个字,就是英文里的 red,也经常出现在美国的成语和俗语里,有时是正面的,有时是反面的。例如,我们在中文里说,铺上红地毯来欢迎外国贵宾。在英文里也就是 to roll out the red carpet to honor a visiting head of state,或者也可以说 to give someone the Red carpet treatment。我们来举个例子吧:
例句-1:"When Ann came back from her long vacation, we gave her the red carpet treatment."
这是说:“当安度了一个很长的假期后,我们像贵宾一样欢迎她回来。
可是 red 这个字有时也包含着一种贬意,比如说 in the red。做生意的人最怕 in the red,因为那是指亏本。今天我们要讲两个由 red 这个字组成的习惯用语,一个具有正面的含义,另一个包含着反面的意思。我们先来讲一个表示高兴、快乐的习惯用语 a red letter day。A red letter day 的中文意思就是:大喜日子。对于某个人来说,那是指发生好事的一天。例如,一个母亲说:
例句-2:"It was a real red letter day for me when my son came home from three years in the navy. We rolled out the red carpet to welcome him home."
我们从这句话里也可以看出,to rolled out the red carpet 并不一定要用在高官显贵的身上,对普通人也能这么说。我们再来举个例子说明 a red letter day:
例句-3:"I'm lucky--my birthday is a real red letter day. It's on December 31, New Year's eve and all over the world people are out celebrating it."
这个人说:“我运气真好,我的生日是十二月三十一号,刚好是新年前夕,全世界的人都庆祝那一天。”
下面我们要讲的一个俗语,它的含义我敢肯定人人都讨厌。这就是 red tape。Tape 是带子的意思。Red tape 是指官僚主义,或文牍主义。换句话说,red tape 就是人们在和政府或官方机构打交道时往往会遇到的拖延、混乱等令人烦恼的障碍。那末,这和红带子又有什么关系呢?这是因为在古时候官方的文件一般都用红带子捆起来的,这样红带子就和官僚主义连在一起了。现在我们来举个例子:
例句-4: "With all the red tape I ran into at city hall, it took me three months to get my business license."
这个人说:“我在市政厅遇到了各种官僚主义的麻烦。我化了整整三个月才拿到营业执照。”
下面我们再来举一个有关 red tape 的例子:
例句-5:"You can't believe how much red tape there is in getting a visa. You have to get a birth certificate and other personal papers and fill out a bunch of complicated forms and have an interview. After that you wait and wait."
黑颜色和白颜色往往是对立的。黑代表黑夜和邪恶,而白象征着日光、善良或美德。在美国好莱坞早期那些无声电影里,导演往往给英雄人物戴上白帽子,而给坏蛋戴黑帽子。这样,连十岁的孩子一看就马上知道谁是好人,谁是坏人。白帽和黑帽就这样逐渐成了一个习惯的说法,也就是 white hats and black hats。White hats and black hats 就代表好人和坏人。黑和白这两个字 black and white 经常在美国的成语和俗语中出现。可是,它们并不一定像好人、坏人那样黑白分明。有时候,黑还具有肯定和积极的意思。例如,对一个做生意的人来说 in the black 就意味着赚钱,而不是亏本。今天,我们要讲两个和 black and white 这两个字有关的成语。首先我们来讲一个和black有关的常用语 a black sheep。Black 当然是指黑颜色,而 sheep 是一头羊的意思。一头黑颜色的羊 a black sheep 指的是一个给他周围的人带来耻辱的人。请听下面这个例子:
例句-1: "Uncle Joe is the black sheep in the family. Instead of getting a job, all he does is drink too much, gamble away any money he gets and chase after women."
例句-2: "We all thought my youngest brother was the black sheep in our family. In fact he was in so much trouble he ran away to Australia. But he started a new life there, married a wonderful girl, and now he's a millionaire."
下面我们要讲的一个习惯用语是和 white 这个字有关系的,这就是 A white lie。Lie 就是谎话的意思。那末,难道骗人还分黑白吗?是的。A white lie 的意思就是那种为了避免使对方感到难受而说的谎话。比如说,一个女孩子新交的男朋友很难看,但是为了不要使她感到难受,你说了个谎,说你认为他很英俊。回到家,你就对丈夫说:
例句-3: "I told a white lie when I told Jennie her boyfriend was goodlooking. The truth is he's just about the ugliest man I've ever seen."
她说:“我骗珍妮说,她的男朋友很英俊。其实,他大概是我看到的所有男人当中最难看的了。”
我们再来举一个例子:
例句-4: "My mother and dad taught me never to tell a lie. So I feel guilty every time I tell even a little white lie, although I do it just to make somebody feel better."
先看hit当动词用时的一些搭配: “It’s almost 8 o’clock. We’d better hit the road or we’ll be late for work.”,这里的“hit the road” 可不是字面上“敲打道路”的意思,而是“出发、上路”的意思。不过设想一下匆忙赶路时的步伐,那绝不会是蹑手蹑脚的小碎步,一定是大踏步、拼命走或跑的样子。路面如果有知觉的话,也一定会感受到那种撞击力。
“I cannot go out with your guys. I have to hit the book.”,这里 “hit the book”是学生中常用的俚语,意为“攻书”,专指学生预习、复习功课或是做作业,特别是突击赶作业。回想一下自己在老师规定的最后限期(deadline)的前一刻匆忙写作业的情形,或是考试前临时抱佛脚的状态,还真有点狠不得把书本从头到尾都撕烂的感觉。
“Don’t tell John about this bad news now. He would hit the roof.”,这里 “hit the roof ”(有时也用“hit the ceiling” )指“生气、发火“。这一表达法,颇似我们汉语里的一个成语:“火冒三丈”。想想三丈高的怒火,势必一定会烧到房顶上去了。
“Suddenly it hit me. He was trying to ask me to marry him.“,这里的it hit someone不是“打人”的意思,而是“突然醒悟、明白”的意思。我们汉语里也有类似的表达。有时我们说某人是“木头脑袋”,需要敲打敲打,他才会明白、省事。看来无论是英语里的hit,还是汉语里的敲打,一旦同“人”联系起来,就有相同或类似的含义。这也表明了不同语言之间所表达意义时的相似情形。
此外,还有两个俚语用hit来搭配: hit the sack(困倦难捱时就会用这个表达法:上床睡觉); hit the bottle (唇焦口燥时我们大多会有这种动作:狂饮)
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-7-15 17:23:05编辑过]
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:24
hit: 敲敲打打知多少? (2)
前面提到hit作动词时的一些表达法,现在我们来看看这个词作名词时的用法。
The newly released album by the Latin pop singer is a sensational hit. When the gigantic bookstore opened officially last weekend, it was a smash hit in the neighborhood.
以上两个例子中的hit 都作名词用,表示“轰动、风行一时”的事物或现象,特别是在描述一些的新电影、电视、音乐或文学作品问世时,通常会用这个词来表达那种令人趋之若鹜的轰动效应。最近电影院上映的好莱坞大片(Hollywood blockbuster)、电视台热播的连续剧(TV drama series)或节目、电台从早到晚播放的排行榜(billboard)冠军歌曲等等,都可以用这个词来形容。
有时还可以用make a hit 这一短语来表达成功、受到欢迎或称赞等,例如:
The company’s new products made a great hit in the spring fair.
到了19世纪,whack已不再仅仅是盗贼们的行话,它的含义进一步发展为“契约;期望”,这样,out of whack便可解释成“脱离契约;出乎意料”,也就是“偏轨;不正常”了。
例如:You're acting out of whack!(你的行为真不正常!)
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:25
Out of kilter: 出差错;乱套
有的时候,我们虽然很明白某个词组的含义,却不甚了解词组中的某个单词,out of kilter就是这样一个例子。日常生活中,人们常用“out of kilter”来形容“事情变得糟糕”,但真正知道kilter含义的人却为数不多。
Kilter由17世纪的英国方言“kelter”演化而来,意思是“身体健康,状况良好”,如:This is a therapy for connecting yin and yang in kilter.(这项治疗可以协调阴阳。)
相应的,由于out of可形容“不再拥有某种状态”,所以,out of kilter可用来指“缺乏秩序,效率低下甚至出现故障”,举个例子:
His body's chemistry is out of kilter.(他身体的化学机能都乱套了。)
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:26
Spirits: 白酒;烈性酒
如果您想开一个酒吧,店里不仅有“葡萄酒”,还会有“白酒”,怎么用英文来恰切地形容它?仅用一个“wine”?恐怕不行。记着哦,比较地道的表达――笼统一点,可说成Purveyor of Wines & Spirits(酒类供应处);确切一点,如果酒是您自己开公司生产的,您也可把自己的姓氏加在前面,比如:Zhang's Wines & spirits。 相对于wine(葡萄酒),spirits指的是“经过蒸馏后酒精浓度较高、含糖量较少的烈性酒”,例如:Gin(杜松子酒)、vodka(伏特加酒)、rum(朗姆酒)、whiskey(威士忌酒)、brandy(白兰地),而我们汉语中所说的“高粱酒”则可表示为Kaoliang spirits。 Spirit源于拉丁词根spiritus(呼吸),13世纪开始进入英语词汇,最初表示人体内的“元气”,与有形的“物质”相对应。在早期的宗教作品里,spirit 常用来形容“灵魂”;随着时间的推移,它开始用来指代超自然的“妖魔”;到14世纪,人们用spirit来形容人的“精神状态”,如:His sour spirits put a damper on the gathering.(他低落的情绪使聚会变得令人扫兴。) Spirit用来指“烈酒”或许得归功于中世纪的“炼丹术”。中世纪,“炼丹术士”在炼制丹药时,把“提炼后的液体”称为spirit,随着时间的推移,spirit的语义逐渐缩小,最后代指“蒸馏后浓度较高的酒精”,这时常用它的复数形式。举个例子: It is said that new taxes would be imposed on wines and spirits.(有消息说酒类将要加征新税。)
Swag源于中世纪斯堪的纳维亚语svagga(来回摇摆)。最初,英国人用它来形容“走路踉跄、步履蹒跚的模样”;随后,其词义扩展为“松垂”,如:She was lovely, brown curls swagging to the shoulders(她可爱动人,一头棕色的卷发披在双肩);正是由于这层含义,swag(松垂)又可用来形容“垂挂有花彩穗边的装饰物”,如:“灯彩”;至此,“吊灯”的含义开始慢慢凸显,而我们所说的swag lamp(吊灯)是20世纪才开始被使用的美式表达。
英语中,“打水漂”可用“to play ducks and drakes”来形容,大约16世纪进入英语词汇。可惜,duck(母鸭)和drake(公鸭)――这么有趣怪异的表达,竟然从辞源上找不到它确切的出处。不过,据语言学家猜测,由于公鸭求爱时头总是一点一点的,而它的尾巴则以水平方向飞快地左右摇摆,整个动作有点像孩子们的“水漂”游戏。
先来看一句话:“It's wishful thinking to expect Phil to help you - he's a goldbrick.”您是不是要问:为什么“让菲尔帮忙是痴心妄想?” Goldbrick在这里是什么意思?不打哑谜了,在句中,goldbrick指的是an idle worthless person(吊儿郎当的懒汉),它的渊源则可追溯到19世纪美国的“淘金热”。
其实,就语言习惯而言,理解这个词组并不难。先从汉语角度来考虑,我们会听到:“为了糊口,他在学术创作之余,还编写取悦市场的‘肥皂剧本’。”句中,“取悦市场的肥皂剧本”――sitcom plays that intends to tailor the marker,就可以用pot-boiler来代替。“糊口、谋生”既然离不开锅、碗、瓢、盆,以此为目的而创作的小说和剧本,用“炊具组合”来表达真是再形象不过了。
19世纪60年代,potboiler进入英语词汇,用以形容a work of literature as money-makers rather than as works of art(以盈利为目的,缺乏艺术价值的作品)。
另外,potboiler的动词形式是to boil the pot(谋生,粗制滥造文章)。例如:He had to boil the pot when he was a teenager. (他十来岁就得挣钱糊口。) 作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:32
据说早期英国居民的钱包采用的就是这种线拉式的设计,正是由这个皱皱的“褶边”, purse(小包;小钱袋)可以引申为purse(皱起;皱拢)。看下面的例句:She pursed her lips with dislike.(她不高兴地噘着嘴巴。)很明显,purse(“噘起”嘴唇)在这里是比喻意,指“某人不高兴;满脸愠怒”。
似乎不用再多做解释了,如果在阅读外文刊物时,您看到下面一句话――Snyder arrived-purse-lipped, prepared to scold. He scolded, and left, more purse-lipped than before. ――大概不难理解purse-lipped的含义。Purse-lipped在这里是“purse one's lips”相应的形容词形式,指“(因不同意某种观点或做法)而愠怒的、不高兴的”。
请看相关报道:US Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, barraged with lawmakers' questions on Thursday over rising foreign ownership of U.S. assets, played down fears that China held enough dollars to endanger the U.S. economy.
Barrage作为名词时,本义是"拦河坝、堰或炮火掩护"的意思,引申义是"a large number of questions ,etc., made at almost the same time or very quickly one after the other"(连珠炮似的问题或说话)。barrage作为动词使用时,本义是"direct a barrage at"(以密集的火力进攻)。
上文中用的是barrage这个词的动词引申义,可以解释为"direct a concentrated outpouring, as of missiles or words, at something or someone",举个例子:barrage the speaker with questions,就可以翻译为"接二连三地向演讲者提出问题"。bombard和shower也可以这样使用,这么说很地道也很生动,会为文章增色。 作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:33
"The Party and the nation as a whole must take a down-to-earth approach in the building of a new socialist countryside that will truly benefit farmers," said Hu, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China.
down-to-earth表示realistic or interested in everyday occurrences; practical and honest,这个词的意思很丰富,在不同语境下需要灵活理解,有"实际的,切实的,朴实的,脚踏实地"等意思。上文中" a down-to-earth approach"是"一个切实可行的办法"的意思。举个例子:She is very down-to-earth and will tell you what she really thinks.(她很实在,会告诉你她的真实想法。)
如果某人对你说"Down to earth",他的意思是让你现实一点("Back to reality")。down to earth可以作为一个介词词组,和一些动词连用,如:bring sb. back/down to earth的意思"使某人从幻想中清醒过来";come back/down to earth是"回到现实中来,不再幻想"的意思。
中国日报的消息中有这样一句话:Patients will benefit from reduced medical bills after the government banned hospitals from making profits on check-ups using CT scanners, X-ray ray machines and other equipment.
请看报道:The US National Security Agency(NSA) first began to conduct warrantless eavesdropping on telephone calls and e-mail messages between the United States and Afghanistan in the immediate aftermath of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, The New York Times reported Sunday.
请看外电相关报道:Lindsay Lohan has hit back at claims she is undergoing hypnotherapy to overcome a $1 million a year shopping addiction. An American magazine recently alleged the actress is a shopaholic, who is struggling to control her habit of spending as much as $100,000 in just one day.
Shopaholic是个合成词,由shop(购物)和后缀-aholic构成,-aholic(-oholic)指“one that is addicted to or compulsively in need of”(对某种需求有瘾的“强迫症”患者),照此构词法,我们可以得到其它一系列单词,如chocoholic(巧克力狂); workaholic(工作狂);alcoholic(酒鬼)。
一种观点认为,由于葡萄干和坚果仁在“gorp”配料中不可遗缺,所以,“gorp”由单词Granola(一种配料中含有干果、黄糖和坚果的麦片),Oatmeal(燕麦片),Raisins(葡萄干) and Peanuts(花生)的首字母缩拼而成。而出版于1904年的“Dictionary of American Regional English”(《美国地域英语词典》)则认为,gorp原意指“目瞪口呆瞪着某人”,所以,单词gawp(张着嘴傻看)和gaup(直瞪瞪地注视)实质上gorp的变体。
Teetotal: 滴酒不沾 逢年过节、亲朋相聚,餐桌上自然免不了酒。如果您不胜酒力,倒真不如干脆一点,直接来句―― “我向来滴酒不沾”。这句搪塞之辞,其相应的英文表达是:“I am a teetotaler”。关于teetotaler的渊源,得从英国一个禁酒主义者做演讲时的“口吃”说起。
1832年,英国人Richard Turner(理查・特纳)参加了在Preston(普雷斯顿)举行的禁酒集会。特纳是个文盲,以卖鱼为生。有趣的是,他当时参加禁酒集会,完全是抱着开玩笑的心态,去之前还喝得半晕。在这次集会上,他仅用浓重的地方口音说了一句话――“Nothing but t-t-t-t-total abstinence will do”(只有--完--完 --完全戒酒才行)。
A:"Would you like some brandy?"(“喝点白兰地吗?”)B: "No, thanks, I'm (a ) teetotal."(“谢谢,可是我滴酒不沾。”) 作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:38
kettle of fish: 糟糕;两码事
今天谈的词组――kettle of fish――可是正儿八经的口语,学会了它,一定会让您在英语会话中有“语出惊人”的效果。先来看下面两个例句:
This is a fine kettle of fish! I forgot my book.(太糟糕了,我忘记带书了。)Making money and keeping it are two quite different kettles of fish.(挣钱和存钱完全是两码事。)
很明显,kettle of fish有两层含义:在第一句话中,“a(fine)kettle of fish”指an awkward or embarrassing situation(尴尬糟糕的局面),其渊源可追溯到18世纪苏格兰贵族的“河边野炊”;第二句话中的“different kettles of fish”则是指a very different matter(另一码事),直到20世纪初才被英美人使用。
早在18世纪,kettle可不是如今“带有壶嘴的烧水壶”,而是泛指任何用来煮东西的“锅”。当时,苏格兰贵族常常在Tweed(特威德河,位于英格兰和苏格兰边界上)河畔进行野炊,他们把从河里抓来的大马哈鱼放在kettle(大锅)里,然后升起篝火煮鱼、吃鱼、并欢歌笑语,“kettle of fish”由此得来,实指“野炊”。
有说法认为,可能野炊时的场面很热闹也很混乱,所以,kettle of fish(野炊)才有了后来的词义转变――“尴尬糟糕的局面”。但语言学家认为这种猜测缺乏学术依据,虽然他们也不能说出kettle of fish(糟糕的局面;另一码事)究竟是如何演变而来的。不管怎样,这个渊于“野炊”的词组确实已融入英语词汇,下次若有机会和外国人聊天,不妨试着用一用!
He thought the girl would be his wife-to-be, only to find a mare's nest.(他一直以为那个女孩会嫁给他,到头来却是空欢喜一场。)
-It's said that a 60-year-old woman was pregnant.传说一个60岁的老太太怀孕了。-It proved just to be a mare's nest.根本就是子虚乌有。 s nest”常用来比喻“原以为重要的追求,到头来来却空欢喜、梦一场”。或许,人们又觉得,不会筑巢的母马既使筑巢穴也会搞得一团糟(更为荒诞的推理),所以,“mare's nest”又可用来指代“杂乱、无序、棘手”的状况。
值得一提的是,mare's nest常与动词find搭配,举两个例子:
He thought the girl would be his wife-to-be, only to find a mare's nest.(他一直以为那个女孩会嫁给他,到头来却是空欢喜一场。)
-It's said that a 60-year-old woman was pregnant.传说一个60岁的老太太怀孕了。-It proved just to be a mare's nest.根本就是子虚乌有。
Don't pin your faith on his promises; he is known to be a spiv.(不要相信他的承诺,大家都知道他是个骗子。)ll(乔治・奥维尔)的“1984”,您该明白对参战国的民众来说,一块巧克力或一件尼龙制品都被认为是奢侈消费品。由此,spiv(黄牛)应运而生,指专门从事黑市交易的人。
He did a dry run of his speech in front of a mirror.他对着镜子试讲。
作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:41
Carry the can: 代人受过 Carry the can,“提着罐子”?回答错误。据说,carry the can是个非常著名的英式表达,解释为“代人受过”,看来“提个罐子”虽然累不着,但今后还是尽量避免为好。
那么,“提着罐子”是如何导致“代人受过”的呢?其实,Carry the can出自于军营,起源于19世纪20年代晚期的英国皇家海军。Carry the can最初指的是这样一种情形:军营有啤酒供应,一位士兵不仅要负责为大伙提罐取酒,还要承担退空瓶子的任务。啤酒洒了,啤酒罐磕了碰了,都是他一个人的责任,你说郁闷不郁闷?由此,carry the can便成了“代人受过,替别人承担责任”的代名词。以后,当你不幸遭遇此类情形时,你也可以理直气壮的说:
I am determined not to carry the can for his mistakes.我绝对不会替他负责任的。
俚语五花八门,这话一点不假,刚说完“提着罐子”,又来了个“提个小桶”,carry the keg。Keg和cag是同一方言单词的两个变体,意思是“冒犯;得罪”,和carry the can不同的是,carry the keg指的是“容易生气或不能被人开玩笑的”。 作者: sindos 时间: 2006-7-15 17:42